إشكالية التخطيط الاستراتيجي في المؤسسات الصغيرة و المتوسطة

 

INTRODUCTION

Leadership is an important element in the process of directing. It is a universal phenomenon found it every group of people. The leader is a person who influences the attitudes and behaviour of others in group activity. A leader guides and directs other people towards the achievement of group objectives. He creates and sustains enthusiasm among them and give their efforts a purpose.

DEFINITION

1. Leadership is the process of influencing the behaviour and work of other’s in group effort towards the realisation of specified goals in a given situation.

2.Leadership is the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives enthusiastically. It is the human factor which binds a group together and motivates it towards goals.

3. Leadership is the process of influence on a group in a specific set of circumstances that stimulates people to strive willingly to atttain organisational objectives, giving them the experience of helping to attain the common objectives and satisfaction with the type of leadership  provided.

FUNCTIONS OF LEADERSHIP

* Developing team work.

* Representing the team.

* Counselling the team.

* Using proper power.

* Securing group effectiveness.

IMPORTNACE OF LEADERSHIP

* Providing inspiration.

* Securing cooperation.

* Creation of confidence.

* Providing donductive environment.

* Implementing change.

* Maintining discipline among members.

* Representing the members.

* Goal setting.

LEADERSHIP SKILLS

* Visionary skills.

* Communication skills.

* Sensitivity skills.

* Self-awareness skills.

QUALITIES OF A GOOD LEADER

* Intelligence.

* Physical features.

* Maturity.

* Vision and foresight.

* Inner motivation.

* Sense of responsability.

* Empathy.

* Human relations attitude.

* Emotional balance.

LEADERSHIP STYLE

AUTOCRATIC OR AUTHORITARIEN LEADERSHIP

The leader centralises power and decision making in himself/herself. The leader commands complete control over the subordinates who are compelled to obey the orders. The subordinates have no opportunity to make suggestions or take part in decision-making function. The autocratic leader have little concern for the well-being of employees. In- turn, employees have a tendency to avoid responsability and try to work as little as possible.

DEMOCRATIC OR PARTICIPATIVE LEADERSHIP

The leader takes decision in consultation with the subordinates. In other words, the subordinates participate in decision making function. Participation in decision making enables subordinates to satisfy their social and ego needs.

LAISSEZ-FAIRE OR FREE REIN LEADERSHIP

This type of leadership allows group to establish its own goals and work out its own problems. The entire decision making power is entrusted to subordinates and leader do not direct them. This is also known as permissive style of leadership where there is least intervention by the leader, abdiction of authority and letting the group to operate entirely on its own. The leader is passive observe and he intervenes only during crisis.

REF

 M.SAKTHIVEL MURUGAN, Management principles and practices.